Spina bifida, also known as "split spine", is a birth defect where the neural tube in the embryo fails to close properly during the prenatal stage. As a result, the nerves of the spinal-cord protrude out of the back instead of running down the middle of the spinal-cord. The nerves become damaged, leading to moderate to severe disabilities.
The neural tube is a cylindrical structure that will house the brain and spinal cord of the embryo. Before the tube is formed, the outer cells of the embryo lay flat to make a neural plate. From around day 16 to 24 after fertilisation, the neural plate folds in on itself and the sides fuse together to form the neural tube.
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The effects of spina bifida will vary from case to case, depending on the number of nerves exposed and damaged. In some cases, symptoms will be minor but in more severe cases, the individual may be paralysed and require assistance to carry out daily tasks such as feeding, washing and toileting.
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